Revelation 3:7: “And to the
angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things says he who is holy, he
who is true, he who has the key of David, he who opens, and no man shuts; and
shuts, and no man opens.”
This is the second letter of
these seven that has nothing negative to say about the recipient church. As
with the others it is addressed to the angel of the
The history of
The city was founded
initially for an interesting purpose, as a missionary hub for the communication
of Greek culture. It was founded to consolidate the administration of the
region and to be a hub for promoting a teaching Greek civilization throughout
all of the more rural areas in this part of western
Since it was a major wine
producing area it is not surprising that the local deity was Dionysius, the god
of wine. So there would be the festivals and the priestesses of Dionysius who
were going up into the scared groves and getting drunk in order to have a
closer involvement with their god. The idea was that the more wine you drank
and as you got inebriated then the spirit of the god would enter into you, and
if you were very fortunate and very spiritual then the god would speak through
you in ecstatic utterances. That was the counterfeit gift of tongues, and that
is why in Corinth there was this problem with tongues because they were
confusing this counterfeit glossolalia that was practiced there and around the ancient
world with the miraculous spiritual gift of giving people the ability to speak
in a language that other people could understand for the communication of
doctrinal truth.
In AD 92, just a few years
before the writing of this evaluation report, there was a famine that occurred
throughout this part of the world and the emperor Domitian,
the same emperor who exiled John to
Later on in history, in the
14th century, the citizens of
This gives us a picture of
the city, the people, the culture of
In our verse we read, “These
things says,” and then we get a list of attributes of the Lord Jesus Christ,
the character of the one who is writing this evaluation report: “… he who is holy,
he who is true, he who has the key of David, he who opens, and no man shuts;
and shuts, and no man opens.” There is a list here and they are not joined at
any point by a conjunction. This is designed for emphasis, to grab our
attention. So as the Lord Jesus Christ is speaking about Himself He outlines
four attributes. So to what do these attributes refer and to what do they
emphasize?
The first attribute is that
He is holy. “Holy” is one of those religious words that people use a lot but
most folk, due to over use, don’t really understand that holiness is all about.
They sing the Doxology, “Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God
Almighty” and they don’t know where it came from or what it means. It comes
from Isaiah 6:3 as Isaiah is transported in some way to the very throne of God
and he realizes how totally distinct, how totally other, how totally perfect
God is, and that he is a tainted sinner. Holiness has the basic idea of that
which is set apart to the service of deity. That is the core idea. It comes
from the Hebrew root Kadash,
which refers to that which is set apart for the use of deity. It doesn’t refer
necessarily to that which is morally pure. Both the masculine noun and the
feminine noun related to Kadash
referred to the male and female prostitutes in the practice of the fertility
worship of the Baalim in the Old Testament. That is certainly not a moral
concept, and what the emphasis was was that those
prostitutes in the practice of the fertility religions were dedicated to the
service of their god. They had given their bodies over to the service of their
gods. So the core idea in holiness is that which is totally dedicated to the
service of God. From that it gets this idea of being set apart or distinct or
unique. So when Jesus refers to Himself as HAGIOS [a(gioj], “he who is holy,” it is emphasizing His uniqueness.
It is ascribing to Him an attribute that belongs only to God. So there is an
emphasis here on His deity, that He is fully God.
The second attribute, which
is a further development of this idea, “he who is true,” ALETHINOS [a)lhqinoj],
meaning real, genuine, or the true one. It is the cognate noun ALETHES [a)lhqhj] which
emphasizes what is true as fact in contrast to error. It is the adjective ALETHEIA [a)lhqeia] where
Jesus says, “I am the way, the truth,
and the life.” He is making a claim here to being the true one. What we see in
the context is that there is an emphasis on that which is real as opposed to
that which is not real, that which is genuine as opposed to that which is
false. The emphasis here is that Jesus is the real or genuine Messiah.
“Messiah” is from the Hebrew word which means the anointed one. Throughout the
Old Testament there was the anticipation of the coming savior
who was called the anointed one. The word also has an emphasis that goes back
to the Old Testament concept. The root word for truth in the Old Testament
comes from the verb amen, which has
to do ultimately with that which is steadfast or faithful. It refers in one
place to the foundation stone under the pillars of the temple, so it has to do
with that which is unshakeable, that which is completely stable, that which is
always dependable. So there is a nuance of this word ALETHINOS which
is not only emphasizing that Jesus is the true Messiah as opposed to the false
Messiah, but because He is the true Messiah He is always dependable, His
message is always true, you can always rely upon Him.
“he
who has the key of David” is a metaphor. What is the significance of a key? A
key is that which enables you to unlock that which is locked,
it is that which unlocks a door so that you can have access to what is on the
other side of the door. The one who holds the key controls
access. Jesus is the one who holds the key and therefore He is the one
who controls access to the Davidic kingdom. It is called the key of David
because it is bringing into the forefront of our consciousness here the Davidic
covenant. Why is He mentioning the key of David? If we look at what has been
said so far in terms of His attributes, this is the only letter that mentions a
series of attributes that don’t go back to the vision of Jesus Christ in the
first chapter. None of those attributes mentioned in chapter one are mentioned
here. However, in
John 14:6: “Jesus saith unto
him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man comes to the Father, but by
me.” What is He saying at the beginning? “I am.” “I am” in the Greek are EGO EIMI [e)gw e)imi], and when that phrase was used, if you were a Jew
listening to that you would hear a little sub-text going on that was an
implicit claim to deity, because the proper name for God in the Old Testament
was Yahweh, based on YHWH, the sacred
Tetragrammaton, that was derived from a root verb in Hebrew meaning to be. That
name was understood to be I AM THAT I AM, so whenever someone used that phrase I AM it resonated with a claim to deity. The Jews
understood that when Jesus used that particular phrase, and couple of times
they looked for stones to stone Him because they knew he was claiming by the
very use of this phrase to be God. He uses the same phrase in John 11:25. It
was this claim to deity that so enraged and angered the Jews.
Note Revelation 3:9: “Behold,
I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are
not, but do lie; indeed, I will make them to come and worship before your feet,
and to know that I have loved you.” There is a reference here to the fact that
the believers in