Hebrews
Lesson 25 September
1, 2005
NKJ Isaiah 41:10 Fear not, for I am
with you; Be not dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you, Yes,
I will help you, I will uphold you with My righteous
right hand.'
We are in Hebrews 2. We’re in the
beginning of a new section. Last time we did a survey of the whole section from
2:5-4:13. So now we are going to step back and take our time exegiting our way through these sections. The writer is
building a very important case for what Lord Jesus Christ is doing today seated
at the right hand of God the Father, what qualified Him to get there and how
His current ministry is preparing us for a future rule and reign with Him. In
the midst of this he has to lay the groundwork for how the Lord Jesus Christ in
His humanity laid the foundation and blazed the trail for our spiritual life. He
was the pioneer of our spiritual life. He is the archetype. We are to look to
Him. That is why when you come toward the end and the exhortation in Hebrews 12
it gives the command.
NKJ Hebrews 12:2 looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, who for the joy that was set
before Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the
right hand of the throne of God.
To understand the significance of
that command we start back in chapter 1 and chapter 2. With 2:5 we enter into
the second section. Let me remind you how this is developed. We have a prologue
that started in 1:1-1:4 that focused on the fact that God has spoken to us by
means of His Son. It is a complete finished revelation.
The second main point he talks about
is who the Son is and what Jesus Christ is now doing. He upholds all things by
the Word of His power. His current position is the result of His past-completed
work on the cross. Because of what He did on the cross where He purged our sins
He has been promoted and elevated in His humanity over the angels. That sets
the transition from verse 4 to verse 5. The focus is verses 5-13 is on the
superiority of the Messiah over the angels. That sets the transition from verse 4 to 5 where the focus
is on the superiority of the Messiah over the angels. The writer of Hebrews
goes back to eight different Old Testament citations in order to demonstrate
that this was foreseen, predicted and prophesized in the Old Testament that the
Messiah would rule over the angels.
Then there is a conclusion. That
conclusion is an application and warning in verse 1-4 that relates the fact
that if God has given us this revelation and that it is superior to the
revelation of the Old Testament. If that incomplete Old Testament revelation
brought such dire consequences upon those who treated it lightly, how much more
will God hold us accountable when we’ve had this complete revelation that has
come to us from the Lord Jesus Christ?
So the challenge is how shall we escape judgment and condemnation from
the Lord even though we are saved if we neglect such a great salvation?
Then there is a transition in verse
5.
NKJ Hebrews 2:5 For He has not put the world to come, of which we speak, in
subjection to angels.
What he is doing in verse 5 is going
back and picking up the thread of this idea. He’s going back to chapter 1,
picking up this thread related to Jesus Christ’s superiority to the angels. He’s
pulling over the application and now He is going to expand on this
illustration. He develops this point into an understanding of the
sanctification that the Lord Jesus Christ went through in His perfect humanity.
So this first section in verses 5-9 focuses on the superiority of the Lord
Jesus Christ and His elevation over the angels.
It begins with the Greek word gar that is translated for and always
indicates an explanation. Several
times he starts off with a brand new topic with this introductory particle. He
starts with a “but” or a “gar”. It
almost has the idea of because but it is not the same word. It is more of a
logical inference or explanation.
NKJ Hebrews 2:5 For He has not put the world to come, of which we speak, in
subjection to angels.
The point of the section from 2:5-9
is that God subordinated the angels and indeed all of creation under the
authority of the glorified Son of Man. If we take a quick overview of these 5
verses it begins with this reference back where we pick up this thread in the
past and bring it forward.
NKJ Hebrews 2:9 But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than
the angels, for the suffering of death crowned with glory and honor, that He,
by the grace of God, might taste death for everyone.
This is a tremendous verse. We won’t
take it apart as much as I would like to tonight because I have to build to that.
That is our conclusion. The way he moves is to start with a statement that the angels
are subordinate to Him. Then he goes back to the Old Testament, picks up these
three verses from the Old Testament from Psalm 8 and applies them to the
Messiah. The interesting thing is that Psalm 8 (These verses
will be familiar to many of you.) was never understood by the Jews as a
Messianic psalm. What is interesting I think is that it is quoted three times
in the New Testament. Each time that it is quoted it
is in close proximity to Psalm 110:1.
NKJ Psalm 110:1 A Psalm of David. The LORD said to my Lord, "Sit at My right hand, Till I make Your enemies Your footstool."
That is quoted in Hebrews 1:13. So
He has gone back and tried these things together in an intricate argument. The
more I get into things like this the more I realize how many layers of
understanding there are in the Bible. Some of you have been Christians and reading
your Bible a long time. Others of you are fairly new and as you go through this
study that I know is a bit heavy you begin to realize as you read these verses
that you see things and relationships to other doctrines and other verses that
you never saw before. That is one of the great things about Bible study. The
more you study the Scripture the more the Lord opens your eyes to see the
things that are there and to put the connections together. All of the Scripture
is interconnected. All of it relates to one another in some way. It is unified
whole representing the coherent and cogent thinking of a God who is omniscient.
So you just don’t understand the Bible by simply picking it up and reading it. So
many people think that you can. You’ll understand certain things. Never would I
discourage you from reading the Bible on a daily basis. Every believer needs to
do that because it gives you a basic frame of reference for the Biblical events
– who did what, where, when and why. If familiarizes you with the
promises of God as you read through the Psalms and the Proverbs. There are many
verses that are great promises that we need to memorize and use in the faith
rest drill. The more we are familiar with these things, the more the Holy
Spirit uses it in developing those building blocks of understanding that are
the foundation of spiritual growth and spiritual understanding.
We need to develop a people. We have
had this in the church in the past at different times in church history where
there has been a strong influence from churches and Biblical thinkers that have
thought deeply and profoundly about what the Scripture says and it has impacted
all of the culture. Sadly because of the influence of pagan ideas on the church
in the last 100 years we have diluted it so much that many unbelievers are
under the impression that the church is nothing more than another attempt to
teach people how to have confidence, how to feel good about themselves. It’s
nothing more than another motivational endeavor. The Scripture is a far cry
from that. There are things in there that are motivational. There are also things
in there that correct us. So we need to get into a deeper understanding of the
Word. I don’t mean that in some sort of mystical sense. I mean thinking more
precisely about what the writer is trying to communicate.
NKJ Hebrews 2:5 For He has not put the world to come, of which we speak, in
subjection to angels.
“For” indicates an explanation.
He is God the Father.
The first key word that I want to
analyze is the word “world”. We know that there are a couple of different Greek
words translated “world” in our English Bible. One is the word kosmos that has
to do with an orderly, organized system. It talks about the systems of thought
that characterizes the world. It talks about the systems of thought that
characterize different cultures whether it is the ancient Greek culture,
ancient Roman culture or modern western culture. This is covered by the word kosmos. Another
word that is some times used or translated world is the Greek word aionos. We saw
that word used back in Hebrews 1 where it talks about the fact that Jesus is
the one through whom He made the worlds. The concept there is the ages. Jesus
Christ is the one who is the contractor who oversees the progress of the dispensations
down through history. This word picks up another idea. It picks up the idea of
the inhabited world. It is the word oikoumene. The first part of the word is from the Greek word
oikos that
is a house or a place where you dwell. So this is a reference to the inhabited
world.
The feminine relative pronoun is
used with the verb mello
meaning to come. Here it is a reference to the future Millennial Kingdom. So the
focus here is on the future. The focus is on the millennium. The focus is on
where we are headed.
Corrected Translation: For He (God the Father) did not
subordinate to the angels
The reason I translate it that way
is because the very first word in the Greek text is “not”. Then you have the
word “for”. It has to take the second position in a sentence. That is a grammatical
rule in the Greek. It is never the first.
It is always the second.
That is why it is called a post positive for those of you who have had a
little Greek. It always comes
second.
The third word is “angels”. So the
beginning of the sentence is “not the angels”. It is boldfaced and underlined. That
is what God is saying. Not to the
angels that I subordinate the inhabited world! Or we could take that concept of
oikoumene
as the future human civilization of which we speak. What are we talking about
here? Right here in the passage it says that what we are talking about in this
epistle is that future destiny, that world to come because we have to focus our
attention on where we are going so that we can prepare today for that future
event.
Now in the history of the world
there are four great periods of time or four great periods of civilization. We
will summarize this under 10 points. This gives us a historical
orientation.
That’s the concept behind the world
to come. We are looking forward to that third age. We are preparing for that
third age. It almost sounds like something from JR Tolken,
doesn’t is? We are preparing for that next civilization because in the
administration of the kingdom, the Lord Jesus Christ is going to use this group
of people called brethren or companions, the metachoi.
Now we go to Hebrews 2:6. Hebrews
2:5 picks up the thread of Christ’s superiority to the angels. In that future kingdom the angels
aren’t in charge. Christ and His companions are in charge. Now we are going to
go back and see the significance of this as it is developed in a psalm, Psalm
8.
NKJ Hebrews 2:6 But one testified in a certain place, saying:
"What is man that You are mindful of him, Or the
son of man that You take care of him?
This is a very unusual introduction
to an Old Testament quote. Now the writer of Hebrews has unusual introductions
to Old Testament quotes. They are very important for understanding the
inerrancy and infallibility of the Scripture. In some places you might have
Peter making a reference to what Paul wrote. In other places Paul quotes what Moses said. There is a
reference to the human author of Scripture. But to the writer of Hebrews there
is no significance to the human author of Scripture. Now why is that? Because he understands that ultimately
it is the divine author of Scripture, God the Holy Spirit, who authors the text
even though there may be variations between the various authors of Scripture
– their writing style, their history, their background and personality. As
far as the writer of Hebrews is concerned it doesn’t matter who the human
author is because it is all guaranteed to be infallible and inerrant because
God is the ultimate author of Scripture.
In the first phrase of this verse he
is being vague. It indicates that his readers knew where to go in terms of
finding the reference.
So we have this odd phrase at the
beginning. We have pou tis lego. It is the adjective pou, indefinite pronoun tou, and lego which mean somewhere. He doesn’t say in the Psalms or I
Samuel or Daniel. He links it to the indefinite pronoun tis.
Literal translation: Somewhere someone said.
What is this? It doesn’t matter
where it is. It’s the content that’s important. He then quotes from the
Scripture.
Another word that he uses that is
very important is the word diamarturomai. It is translated testified. It is from the
root martureo
that is where we get our word martyr. It means a legal witness in a courtroom
situation. It has to do with witnessing, testifying, and bearing witness in a
legal case. Frequently it is translated, “So and so solemnly testifies.” Frequently
it precedes a quote from the Scripture or a statement made by Peter or Paul
that has significant weight and is probably divinely inspired. It links us to
the legal witness that believers have in the angelic conflict. It shows the
weight of Scripture.
Literal translation: But somewhere someone solemnly
testified saying.
Notice that first word “but”. I
heard a story yesterday that I still shake my head over. There are a lot of
pastors in this country that just shouldn’t be pastoring.
I heard a story the other day about a pastor who got up in the pulpit and
wanted to have a little double entendre. He said, “God likes big buts.” That
was his sermon title. And of course he was trying to make a play on the fact
that the verse he was talking about started with a “but”. That was as good as
it got and it went downhill from there. It is not really a contrast here as
much as it is an introduction.
Then we have a quote that comes from
Psalm 8:4-6.
NKJ Psalm 8:4 What is man that You are
mindful of him, And the son of man that You visit him? 5 For You have made him a little lower than the angels, And You
have crowned him with glory and honor. 6 You have made him to have
dominion over the works of Your hands; You have put
all things under his feet,
Then the writer of Hebrews explains
this quote to his current argument. We don’t see it yet. We will see it in the
future. Let’s go back and look at this psalm in context.
This is a fantastic psalm of praise
to God. It is written by David. We don’t know the
immediate context but it begins addressing YHWH.
NKJ Psalm 8:1 To the Chief Musician. On the
instrument of Gath. A Psalm of David. O LORD, our Lord, How excellent is Your name in all the earth, Who have set Your glory above
the heavens!
The first “lord” has small caps. The
second “lord” is lower cased lettering. The small caps of
“lord” always indicates that YHWH is the Hebrew
word behind it. He directly
addresses God by His proper covenant name. He starts with God as the
creator.
NKJ Psalm 8:2 Out of the mouth of babes and nursing infants You have
ordained strength, Because of Your enemies, That You may silence the enemy and
the avenger.
As we see from II Corinthians 2, God
is the one who uses the foolish to confound the wise. God is not impressed with
human ability or human strength. He is the one who is going to demonstrate His
power in our weakness. So the focus here is on God, His majesty and His
greatness. As David is looking at the creation, he is impressed and awed by
everything that God has made in the entire universe. Then he thinks about how
puny we are. We are insignificant specks of life when you compare us to the
entire universe.
NKJ Psalm 8:3 When I consider Your heavens,
the work of Your fingers, The moon and the stars, which You have ordained,
NKJ Psalm 8:4 What is man
that You are mindful of him, And the son of man that You visit him?
Why are we here? What is the
significance of man? We are just
this little speck of life floating around on this planet. It can’t be by
accident. We aren’t the result of some chaotic cosmic discharge in a gas cloud
that just happened to produce life.
Now as we look at Psalm 8 in the
light of how the writer of Hebrews uses it in Hebrews 2, we need to take some
time to understand this context. The context isn’t focusing on the Lord Jesus
Christ. The focus of this passage is on God’s plan for the human race. Why is
the human race of such significance? This is going to plop us right in the
middle of an understanding of God’s plan for the human race in relation to the
angelic conflict.
Notice that there is a parallelism
between the two strophes. Parallelism is how you rhyme in the Hebrews. You
rhyme ideas, not words.
Son of Man is parallel to man. How
do we understand that? The first man is the Hebrew word enosh. It refers to mankind or
humanity in general. It usually it has in mind the weakness, the frailty, the
limitations of the human race. What is the limited, finite, weak, frail
creature all about? Now the LXX uses the word anthropos. Now the reason I
mention the LXX is because the writer of Hebrews doesn’t quote from
the Hebrew Masoretic text that underlies the Old
Testament. All of his quotes are word-by-word verse-by-verse verbatim quotes
taken right out of the LXX. That is why I am putting this
little comparison in there.
In the synonymous parallelism of the
second strophe you have the Son of Man. Here we shift from enosh to adam. Adam focuses on man as a creature taken
from the ground. The word for ground in the Hebrew is adamah. So God called man Adam
because God spit on the ground and mixed up some clay. He made the first man
whose skin color was the color of the clay. It was red or brown. It wasn’t
white, black or yellow. It was the color of dirt.
Ben adam is the son of man. So he is not using this title as a
technical title for the Lord Jesus Christ. The reason I make that point is
because the writer of Hebrews is going to apply this to the Lord Jesus Christ. We
have to understand why he does that. The psalm itself is talking about man as
being a frail insignificant almost trivial creature.
Here is the Hebrew word zakar. It is the qal imperfect. It means to think about something or to
meditate on something. It means to pay attention to something. In many passages
it has the idea of remembering. So it is a thought-oriented word. Why does God
think about man? Why does He meditate on man? Why is man a focal point of
divine thought? The Greek word used in the LXX when we come
to Hebrews 2 is mimneskomai.
It means to remember, to consider, or to be mindful of. So it is a good
translation. Why is man so important that You reflect
on him? Why does He think about us?
The second line of the parallelism is
an interesting little word. In fact one well known Hebrew scholar commented
that the word is used about 230 times in the Old Testament is one of the most
difficult confusing words for translators to deal with because it covers a lot
of territory. It covers a lot of nuances in very different contexts. It is the
Hebrew word paqadh. It means in some places to visit. God
came to visit Abraham. I’m not sure that was the word used there but it is a
word that would be used there. Texans like to talk about the fact that we
visited together. That is a little Texas saying. I have to say that for people
who don’t live in this part of the country. They miss out on good Texas lingo. Paqadh means to
attend something with care, to take note, to exercise oversight over a
subordinate. I really like that last nuance. It flashes it out for us.
Literal translation: And the son of man that you attend him
with care.
You pay a lot of attention to him. You
think about him. You meditate on him. Here you see that He gives close
attention and oversight to man as a subordinate. The Greek LXX translates this with the verb episkeptomai that
means to look at something, to inspect, to examine it closely. So the idea of the psalm is “God, why
do you pay so much attention to man? What is his value? What is their role? What is going on here? Why is the human
race significant to you?” It is obvious from the phrase here that the human
race is very important to God. There is something tremendously significant
about man for God to give him such close attention. This is echoed in other
verses in the Old Testament.
NKJ Psalm 144:3 LORD, what is man, that You take knowledge of him? Or the son of man, that You are mindful of
him?
NKJ Job 7:17 "What is man,
that You should exalt him, That You should set Your heart on him,
Human beings are important to God. Every
single human being is important to God. This is why God the Father developed a
plan of salvation where He sent His only Son to become a human being. The
psalmist says, “This is the body that you prepared for me.”
When He is back there in Genesis 1
creating man, He is creating man with a body that he has because He knew He
would scrunch Himself down into this finite position so that He could represent
Himself to human beings in a finite body. What is the best possible body I can
squeeze into to reveal Myself into so that I can
effectively reveal who and what I am to these creatures? So God doesn’t just land on the shape that
we have by happenstance. He chooses it specifically. In other words I don’t think that there is a physical form
that God could have used that would reveal Him to us in a better way. So there is something of value to man. Even his physical
body is well designed by the Lord.
NKJ Psalm 8:5 For You have made him a
little lower than the angels, And You have crowned him with glory and honor.
Now that is really an interesting
phrase. I am going to wrap up with this because we need to come back and mine
Psalm 8 a little more before we go back to Hebrews 2.
Angels were originally set over man.
Why that is we will get to next time. The key word here that is translated
lower is a piel imperfect of hasar that means to lack, have a
need or be lacking. In fact the LXX translates it with a word that has
to do with missing something. In other words the focus is on the fact that we don’t
have a lot of abilities. We lack something. It reminds me of II Corinthians 11
where Paul says that grace is sufficient in our weakness. What under girds this
whole concept is that man is made to be dependent upon God. We are made to be
weak. We are made to be unable to solve our problems without being dependent on
God because only when we are successful in being dependent upon Him do we
achieve real honor and glory that has eternal consequences. Of course this is
only fulfilled in the Lord Jesus Christ. He is crowned with glory and honor. We
will all recognize that at the Second Coming when every knee shall bow and
every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord. But in Psalm 8:5 the focus is on the fact that we are made
with these limitations to force us to be dependent upon His grace. This very
word hasar
is a word that drips with grace. We are limited and we are to be dependent upon
Him for everything in our life. Jesus Christ pioneered that life of dependency
when He was on the planet during the time of the incarnation.
We will come back and look at that more next time.