2 John
Pastors and Truth; 2 John 1
Much about 2 John is really
enshrouded in history. In most epistles we know to whom they were addressed. In
the Pauline epistles we know clearly who wrote the epistle, the time of the
writing of the epistle, but that is not true about the epistle of 2 John. The
author identifies himself only as “the elder” in verse 1. The recipients are
not identified by either location or name. In fact, for centuries there has
been debate about whether this epistle was addressed to a literal individual
lady or whether this is just a metaphor for a local church. There is even
confusion about the nature and purpose of this epistle in the minds of some.
There is a tremendous amount of significant information in this epistle and it
reiterates and reinforces many of the same ideas, themes and doctrines that we
have seen emphasised in the upper room discourse in the Gospel of John chapters
13-17 and in the epistle of 1 John.
The author: Most people agree
that the author is the apostle John, here referred to under the title “the
elder.” However, there has been some debate in early church history because of some
early writers—e.g. in the 3rd century AD Eusebius wrote a church
history which is the basis for much of our knowledge of what took place in that
period between the death of the apostle John up to the end of the 3rd
century. In that book Eusebius mentions another individual, roughly a
contemporary of the apostle John, who was called simply John the presbyter or
John the elder. Some people have suggested that this is a reference to that
individual and not the apostle John, although that can pretty much be dismissed
because of the style and vocabulary of this epistle. When we read through this
epistle in the Greek it becomes clear that it has the same marks, the same
style, the same vocabulary that we have found already in 1 John and the upper
room discourse. So most people without any doubt emphasise the fact that it is
the apostle John who wrote both 2 John, and 3rd John which is addressed the same way.
The date: There are a few
that suggest that this epistle was written before the fall of
To whom is he writing? We
read in the first verse that this is the elder writing to the elect lady and
her children. There are two broad options that we have. The first is that the
reference is to be taken literally, i.e. he is writing to a specific lady and
her physical progeny. The second view is that this is not a reference to a lady
at all but is simply a metaphorical reference to the church, a church and
church members. In the first view some people suggest that this is not to be
translated “to the elect lady,” but that the word in Greek that is translated “elect,”
eklektos [e)klektoj], is really proper name for eklekta or elekta,
and this would be “the honourable lady Elekta and her
children.” So that this is an individual’s name and is addressed to her. The problem
with this is that the word eklekta
is used again in verse 13 where John closes out by saying, “The children of
your chosen [e)klektoj] sister greet you.” So if this was a proper name it
would have to be taken as a proper name in verse 13. In the second option is
those who come along and say no the name is kuria
[kuria], the word for “lady,” and is the feminine form of
the word kurios [kurioj] for Lord. So this is not the term gune [gunh] for woman, but is a term for someone of aristocracy,
for someone who is treated honourably, and that this is actually a proper name.
So this would be the chosen or the elect kuria.
Though kuria was used as a proper
name during this time the absence of an article before the word “elect” argues
against this. Another problem is that both here and in 3rd John the
recipient is named, and there are also specific individuals such as Diotrephes and Demetrius who are
named. So it seems to indicate that John was speaking to a specific individual
that the name would be mentioned. Another option that has been suggested is
that if we identify the church as one of those seven churches as the church in
So the conclusion is that on
the basis of grammatical and textual evidence in the epistle itself the best
solution is that the elect lady is a corporate designation for a local church
in the vicinity of
The purpose of John’s
writing. This we derive from key words in the epistle. The first key word is
the word “truth,” which is a key word in the Gospel of John, in 1st John,
and in both 2nd and 3rd John. It is the Greek word aletheia [a)lhqeia], used five times in this epistle, all of them in the
first four verses. A second word that is important is the word “love” which is
used four times in the epistle. The third key word is the word “walk,” which is
used three times emphasising the Christian life. The fourth key word is “abide,”
a key word used in earlier epistles and used twice in this epistle. When we put
these together we see that the emphasis here is going to be dealing with the
relationship between truth and love. Truth has to do with the absolute truth of
Bible doctrine and love has to do not with an emotion or feeling or
sentimentality but first and foremost with understanding what Jesus Christ did
on the cross and understanding that we are able to walk by means of truth. This
is what John emphasises in the first verse: “The elder to the chosen lady and
her children, whom I love in [by means of] truth…” The words “love by means of
truth” is the preposition en [e)n] plus the dative of aletheia
[a)lhqeia]. It is Bible doctrine that is the means of spiritual
growth. Love starts with the knowledge and understanding of what Jesus Christ
did for us on the cross and then it is based on that. Jesus said to love one
another as he has loved us, so love starts with understanding what goes on at
the cross and therefore love functions on the basis of doctrine. If we have
doctrine without love then that doctrine is nothing more than gnosis [gnwsij], academic truth, and as Paul says in 1 Corinthians 8,
it is knowledge that puffs up and just produces arrogance; it is not episgnosis [e)pignwsij]. Love without doctrine is simply sentimentality and
emotion and either way either doctrine or love is distorted. We have to be
careful, we can only love doctrinally—genuine doctrine produces genuine love.
The theme of this epistle is
going to be to warn and to correct false doctrine. The emphasis here is a warning
to the church to be on guard against travelling preachers. Also we see from the
concept of the elder here that John functioned as an absentee pastor. They did
not have a local pastor and they did not have regular face to face teaching, so
they received letters from John. They also had itinerant pastors who came
through and some of these were teaching the same false doctrine about Jesus
Christ that we ran into in 1 John. So there is a warning against these
deceivers who do not abide in the truth. Notice again the emphasis that abiding
in Christ, abiding in fellowship, is first and
foremost related to abiding in doctrine. Doctrine is not optional; doctrine is
crucial. Specifically they are perverting the doctrine of the person of Christ
and that has profound implications for the spiritual life of the believer.
Verse 7 NASB “For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those
who do not acknowledge Jesus Christ {as} coming in the flesh. This is the
deceiver and the antichrist…. [9] Anyone who goes too far and does not abide in
the teaching of Christ, does not have God; the one who abides in the teaching,
he has both the Father and the Son.”
In light of this warning
against false teachers who distort the truth, here is a quote from a man who
has one of the largest Bible teaching ministries in the
Understand what he just said.
He said you balance truth with love; he started with a false presupposition. That
is not what John is doing. John is not saying you can choose between truth and
love, it is love by means of truth. In other words, you can’t weigh one more
than the other. If we have doctrine and are operating on the filling of the
Holy Spirit then we have truth and love as one thing that is completely
complementary with one another.
He goes on to say, “Some
church, obesed with truth, bully the members that sit
in their pews.” He looks on truth there as something you can bully people with.
You can’t bully people with the truth. If you understand truth then you are
going to be growing by means of the Holy Spirit and applying love. He says, “…
full of doctrine, thickly-line with Greek and Hebrew,
often prove too big and the balance is upset…. humbly on the other end love can
be so gorged on a candy, gum and soft-drink diet that it, too, can become out
of balance. This see-saw effect either keeps the truth teetering up in the air
or sends it crashing to the ground. Some churches can be so truthful that they
are often unloving; others so loving that they are untruthful. The postcard of
2 John serves as a fulcrum to keep these two playmates in a happy balance.”
That is not what this epistle
is about at all, it is about keeping our doctrine correct so that we can be in
fellowship with God, so that we can mature and grow in the spiritual life. When
people are influenced by the human viewpoint thinking of the culture around
them, when it destroys their doctrinal integrity it will destroy their whole
concept of love. This individual’s concept of doctrine had been distorted and
warped because he got into an emotional reaction to a personality some forty
years earlier, and that shaded and characterised his whole ministry for the
next forty years so that he never put a real emphasis on doctrine, he put all
the emphasis on application. You can’t emphasise truth over against love
because doctrine understood as doctrine under the filling of the Holy Spirit
will always produce love, that is what the fruit of
the Spirit is all about. You walk in truth; you walk in doctrine; you walk by
means of the Holy Spirit and the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace,
patience. So if we are not walking in truth there is going to be no production
of love. If there is no love being produced then we are not walking in truth.
2 John 1 NASB “The
elder to the chosen lady…” “Elder” is the Greek word presbuteros [presbuteroj] and it has several connotations. One is of an old
man or an elderly person, and it goes from that literal meaning to a figurative
meaning of someone who is mature. Furthermore the term “elder” refers to
someone who is in a position of authority and leadership, and in that sense it
came into the canon of Scripture to refer to the leader of a congregation and
emphasises the spiritual maturity of the man we call the pastor. There are
three words in the Scriptures that are used to refer to the leader of a
congregation. The second word that is used is the one that is translated “bishop”
in 1 Timothy 3, the Greek word episkopos
[e)piskopoj] from
which we get our English word Episcopal. These are the third term, pastor or pastor-teacher
from the Greek poimen [poimhn], which means shepherd, are
used synonymously and interchangeably in a couple of key passages. Elder emphasises
his spiritual maturity; bishop emphasises his authority as a leader over the
congregation, and pastor also emphasises his position as leader but his
position is the one who is to feed the sheep and he is the one who is
responsible for their spiritual nourishment.
Acts
Acts 20:28 NASB To
the presbuteroi: “Be on guard for
yourselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you
overseers [episkopos], to shepherd
[poimeo] the church of God which
He purchased with His own blood.” There all three words are used in the same
context. The same thing is done in 1 Peter 5.
1 Pet 5:1 NASB “Therefore, I exhort the
elders [presbuteroi] among you, as
{your} fellow elder and witness of the sufferings of Christ, and a partaker
also of the glory that is to be revealed.” Notice here that Peter is
emphasising his position as a pastor more than his position as an apostle. Even
though both he and John were apostles later in life they became associated with
one congregation and in terms of that function as a pastor to that congregation
they emphasised their position as a presbuteros
as opposed to an apostle. [2] “shepherd the flock of God among you, exercising
oversight [episkopoi] not under
compulsion, but voluntarily, according to {the will of} God; and not for sordid
gain, but with eagerness.” “Shepherd the flock” is a present active imperative,
poimeo, the verb form for pastor. There
we see a clear example of the fact that these three terms emphasised all talk
about the same individual who is the leader of the congregation, the man
designated by God as the one responsible for the spiritual nourishment and
spiritual growth of that individual congregation. This sets a pattern that in
many contexts throughout the history of Christianity there has not been a local
pastor present to teach the Word. So they have had to receive their teaching
either through a written means or in the modern day a number of other means. But
it should be emphasised that in Christianity and the view of the Scriptures it
is abnormal not to be under a face to face ministry. The preferred situation is
for every believer to be involved in a local church under a face to face
pastor. This is difficult in time when the church as a whole is apostate, when
living in a culture of apostasy.
“…and her children, whom I
love in truth”… en [e)n] plus the dative of aletheia
[a)lhqeia], which means “I love by means of truth. Here he begins
his emphasis on truth which characterises the first four verses of this opening
introduction.