Giving an Answer – Part 2
1 Peter 3:15
Open your Bibles. WeÕll start
with 1 Peter 3:15. We have been going through 1 Peter and weÕve come to this verse which is sort of the benchmark verse, a key central
verse for understanding apologetics. That is a concept and a doctrine that is
important. It is one that is often misunderstood, and sometimes it is one that
is often misapplied.
There are a lot of things that have been written over
the last 50 years related to apologetics. ItÕs almost as if this area of theology
has just exploded. I think one of the reasons for that is because we have
shifted in the primary worldview of our culture from a Judeo-Christian theistic
worldview to a pagan worldview. That Western civilization has thoroughly
rejected Christianity and weÕve come back to an environment that is not unlike
that of pagan Rome in the first century.
What we understand historically is that in cultures that have a minority of Christians, or have barely been
influenced by the Judeo-Christian worldview, apologetics moves to the
forefront. That was especially true in the early church, as will see from one
of the slides I have. AD 150 would be about 50 to 60 years after the close of
the canon of Scripture and the death of the last apostle. This was a time when
Christianity had begun to make this spread throughout the Roman Empire, and to
be making an impact on the culture.
So the intelligentsia of the Roman Empire was waking
up to the fact that there was this new religious claim on the scene, and they
were beginning to question it, make attacks against it. Of course, there had
been persecutions against Christians. So it called upon certain mentality to
answer these objections and criticisms to Christianity. ThatÕs what apologetics
is—itÕs giving an answer; itÕs defending a statement that you make.
You say, ŌJesus is the Messiah,Ķ you can expect
somebody to say, ŌWell, how do you know that? On what basis do you know that?Ķ
Then you say, ŌWell, I know that because thatÕs what the Scripture says.Ķ And
somebody says, ŌHow do you know the Scriptures are right? How do you know you
should believe the Scriptures?Ķ So you have to be able to answer those kinds of
questions in a cogent manner.
There have been numerous examples in history of people
who have set out to disprove Christianity only to become a devout
Bible-believing Christian. One of the more famous, in the late 19th
century, was a Civil War General, a Union general, who later became the
territorial governor of New Mexico, by the name of Lou Wallace. After he sought
to disprove Christianity, he ended up writing a novel to express what he had
learned and to teach the story of Jesus and forgiveness. The title of that book
was based on the main character, which is Ben Hur.
YouÕve seen the movie, youÕve seen the Charlton Heston
version, maybe some of you have seen the recent one; I havenÕt, but I read the
novel.
Not only did I read the novel when I was in about the
sixth grade, I found it not long ago, and itÕs sitting on my nightstand. IÕve
had that book a long time. The book, like all books, is better than the movie.
So that came out of that.
There have been others like C.S. Lewis, who was an
Oxford professor of medieval literature, and he was an agnostic. He did not
believe in the Bible, did not believe in God, did not
believe in religion. He sought to disprove Christianity and ended up becoming not
only a very devout Christian but also a very strong apologist. A book that he
wrote, Mere Christianity, is one that
has been used in many cases to help people think through the issues related to
the existence of God, the veracity of the Bible, the
claims of Jesus to be God, and heÕs done an excellent job.
There are other books other than Mere Christianity. A little more in-depth book É When
it first came out it was basically an outline; thatÕs the version I read in
1974 called Evidence That Demands a
Verdict by Josh McDowell, who was on staff at Campus Crusade. I think he
still is. In fact, when we were here Sunday a week ago, the Light in Action
guys were here; two days before they were in a six-hour meeting with Josh
McDowell, so he still has a very active ministry. But thatÕs an excellent,
extremely thorough book on Christian evidences—Evidence That Demands a Verdict.
There is another book that has been around for about
30 or 40 years by Paul Little called, Know
Why You Believe, and itÕs an excellent book. Christians should be able to
intelligently answer a question as to why you believe what you believe.
So, having arrived at 1 Peter 3:15, I want to take a little
time to talk about these issues related to: How do you give an answer? Is there
a right way? Is there a wrong way? Is just any old way okay? What are the
issues here? How do you understand this? One of the things that IÕll point out
as we go along is that this can be an extremely intellectual topic; it can be
an extremely challenging intellectual topic. And it can be one that a lot of
people think, ŌWell, itÕs mostly more philosophy than
it is the Bible.Ķ ThatÕs not necessarily true. ThatÕs probably been poorly
represented.
But it all depends on the kind of person that youÕre
talking to. I find that when youÕre witnessing to somebody thatÕs older and
somebody thatÕs perhaps more educated, theyÕre going to have more intellectual
questions. TheyÕre going to have more challenging questions. The older a person
gets and the longer theyÕve been suppressing the truth in unrighteousness, itÕs
got layers and layers and layers of resistance on top of it and you have to
help them dig through those layers to expose what we all know is there, which
is a sure and certain knowledge of God according to Romans 1.
ThatÕs part of apologetics. Apologetics is just
another aspect related to evangelism. But itÕs also, as we will see, very
important to Christians. Maybe you were like me and you became a believer in
Jesus Christ and His death on the cross for your sins when you were a young
person—6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years of age. Maybe you were just a little bit
older, but it wasnÕt much of a leap for you; it wasnÕt much of a step for you
because of the context in which you grew up. But then there are others that
have grown up in purely secular homes, agnostic homes, homes that were hostile
to religion, hostile to Christianity, hostile to the Bible, and so it takes
them a little longer to work through a lot of the issues and answer the
questions or objections.
So, it varies from person to person and situation to
situation. Sometimes the questions that are being asked, the circumstances, are
such that you may not have the answers. Then itÕs important to know how you can
point people to the answers—things to read, things to watch, videos.
There are so many different things that are out there today, some of which are
good, some of which are not so good.
So, our context is 1 Peter 3:13–16, and the key
verse that weÕre looking at is in verse 15 in the middle of the screen, ŌBut sanctify the Lord God in your hearts,
and always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the
hope that is in you, with meekness and fear; having a good conscience, that
when they defame you as evildoers, those who revile your good conduct in Christ
may be ashamed.Ķ This is presenting to every believer a command that is for
every believer—that we should all be ready. This is part of our sanctification,
our spiritual life and spiritual growth, that we should always be ready to give
an answer, or give a defense. We looked at the word last time.
WeÕre looking at this introduction or overview to
apologetics, answering these questions:
1. What is apologetics?
2. Why should we learn
apologetics?
3. Why do some people
object to apologetics?
4. The Bible doesnÕt use
apologetics, why should we? ThatÕs a claim thatÕs out there.
5. What is the
difference between apologetics and Christian evidences?
A lot of people think theyÕre the same thing, and
theyÕre not. Apologetics basically has to do with tactics and strategy, and Christian evidences has to do with the tools or the weapons,
you might say, the intellectual weapons, that are used.
6. On what basis do we
defend, support, or argue that Christianity is the one and only TRUTH?
ThatÕs probably one of the most important questions:
What is our common ground between the believer and the unbeliever, and how are
we going to understand that? How are we going to define truth? As soon as you
start talking about truth, somebodyÕs going to say, ŌWell, how do you know truth?Ķ Well, what is knowledge?
How do you come to know that something is true or not true? There have been a
lot of different answers given to these things over the centuries, and weÕre
going to sort of summarize that.
Last time we looked at the question of definition.
What is apologetics? I went to the Oxford
English Dictionary, and the way many people think of apology is they think
of some sort of regret or an acknowledgment of an offense, or a failure. The
third meaning in the OED
is itÕs a justification or defense. Somebody says, ŌWhy did you do that?Ķ And
you answer that question. ThatÕs an APOLOGIA; that is a defense. You have given an answer as to
why youÕve done something or why you believe something.
In common usage, most people think of that first
meaning, but thatÕs not the biblical sense of the term or its historical
meeting. It is this third meaning which is the focus
of biblical apologetics, giving a reasoned, organized statement of why we
believe what we believe.
I pointed out the keyword is APOLOGIA, which means a speech of defense. It was often used
in the courtroom when the defense attorney would state the reason for his
clientÕs lack of guilt. It is also used to refer to the act of making a defense
as in a courtroom and a claim of extenuating circumstances, or an excuse.
ThatÕs all from the Bauer, Arndt, and Gingrich dictionary. Seventeen times a
noun or verb appears in the New Testament, in the sense of vindication or
defense.
ItÕs used in several passages. I gave a couple of
examples last time, and IÕve got a couple new verses here this time. Acts 26:1,
when Paul is standing before Herod Agrippa II. Herod Agrippa says to Paul, ŌYou
can speak for yourself.Ķ He had a hearing before the king. ŌSo Paul stretched out his hand and answered.Ķ
ThatÕs our word, APOLOGIA.
He answered; he gave a reasoned or rational defense of his position. In verse
two, he says, ŌI think myself happy, King
Agrippa, because today I shall answer [APOLOGIA—I shall give a rational defense] for myself before you concerning all the
things of which I am accused by the Jews.Ķ So, one of the things we see is
by analyzing what Paul says to Agrippa, that gives an example of a defense, of
an APOLOGIA of the gospel.
Acts 24:10. Paul is before the Roman governor Felix,
and has been accused by Ananias the high priest. This is the same kind of
situation. He says to Felix, ŌI cheerfully give an answer for myself.Ķ ThatÕs
the idea there.
So we looked at some other definitions and noted this one:
that the modern use of apologetics isnÕt quite the same as what the New
Testament meant, but itÕs based on that. And as time has gone by, itÕs been
necessary to refine our understanding of how to do this, how to answer for the
faith.
But it has nothing to do with saying youÕre sorry or
guilty over some action.
Robert Reymond has said
that, ŌChristian apologetics is the discipline wherein an intelligent effort is
made to defend before an unbelieving world the truth claim of Christian faith.Ķ
ThatÕs basically it: WeÕre claiming to have the truth. Jesus said, ŌI am the way, the truth, and the life.Ķ
ThatÕs an enormous claim; He claims to be the personification of truth, the
incarnation of eternal truth. How do you know He is? How do you know thatÕs a
true statement, that HeÕs not just some nut case, some lunatic thatÕs come in
off the street? How can you defend that or demonstrate that that is a true
statement? ThatÕs his idea.
I mentioned last time, I put a couple of CharlieÕs
papers, a recent one from about 10 or 12 years ago, ŌTheology
and ApologeticsĶ, up on the website. Plus, his older, ŌGiving
an AnswerĶ, where he writes that, ŌApologia
describes a carefully reasoned defense in response to a line of questioning or
wrongful accusation by recognized authorities. The word may also refer to a
more informal defense outside of the courtroom against personal questioning or
accusation. The intent of an apologia is to win over the person being
addressed.Ķ
ItÕs not to win an argument. ThatÕs a really important
thing to understand. The purpose is to help people understand the
gospel—not to beat them over the head with the Bible, not to prove youÕre
right, not to win an argument. All of us have been caught in that trap at some
point or another as we have tried to witness to someone.
As we look at this, it involves knowing facts,
determining truth, talking about concepts such as knowledge, truth, reasoning, understanding reality. This is all part of what
goes into apologetics. What I have found is, what
apologetics does, when you study it and you think it through, is that it
teaches you to reason biblically and to think biblically.
We talk a lot today about peopleÕs different
worldviews. ŌWorldviewĶ was a new term for a lot of Christians 50 or 60 years
ago. I first ran across the term in a college course talking about the German
Weltanschauung, which is the German word for worldview, talking about the
paganism and the anti-Semitism and the romanticism that had all led to the Nazi
philosophy during World War II.
Everybody has a worldview, whether you know it or not,
whether youÕve thought about it or not. It may be an inconsistent worldview, it
may be an irrational worldview, it may be a disorganized worldview, but
everybody has one. And they think within that worldview. ItÕs important to
understand that when youÕre trying to communicate with people, this is
something that we need to take into account. WhatÕs their worldview? What is
their background?
So, I developed these little slides to help us think
about this. Apologetics, as I pointed out, is ultimately about communication.
How do we communicate to an unbeliever when the unbeliever has one frame of
reference, or worldview, and we have a different one? So, in the slide here, I
have a Christian missionary whoÕs trying to take the gospel to pagan
aborigines.
What do you have to do to communicate the gospel to
these pagan aborigines? We had a great example of this at the conference. Grace
Hensarling, whoÕs been in Columbia for over 35 years,
is instrumental in going to an aboriginal people, the Kogi,
learning their language, breaking it down into the syntax, the grammar, the vocabulary,
the nuances, the idioms—all those things.
It took four or five years for those three women to
come to an understanding of the language well enough that they could begin to
translate the Bible into the Kogi language. In the
process, they were able to tell the story about Jesus. They had to go back all
the way to the fall. They had to learn all about the different ideas and
worldviews and thoughts and values of the Kogi
people.
It took time to be able to do that and then to be able
to clearly communicate that, because these pagan aborigines come with their own
set of values, their own ideas. They have beliefs. As unbelievers, the Bible
says they have been suppressing the truth in unrighteousness. So, after a
while, the more you suppress the truth, the more you build up these layers on
top of it, and it takes time to rip those away.
Now sometimes it seems like itÕs going to take a long
time, but it doesnÕt. Look at the Apostle Paul. Of course, there was quite a
lead up to his encounter with Jesus on the road to Damascus. I keep going back
to that. ThatÕs one thing that impressed me several years ago when I started
thinking about that. If any of us had tried to communicate the gospel to Paul
the week before that event occurred on the road to Damascus, we wouldÕve sworn
this guy is going to be leading all the unbeliever
straight into the Lake of Fire. He is not positive it all to the gospel. He
doesnÕt want to believe in Jesus. He hates Jesus; he hates Christians; he is
trying to kill all of them. ThereÕs no way he is ever going to respond to anything.
And then Jesus appeared to him on the road to
Damascus. What that unmasked was that at the core of PaulÕs thinking, at the
center of his heart, he really was positive. But he had buried it in a lot of pagan
legalism and the ritualism of Pharisaism.
So, Jesus actually is engaged in a form of apologetics
in that event. We donÕt see anything that dramatic, but there is something
similar and that is, according to John 16, the role of God the Holy Spirit, Who
is working every time weÕre witnessing to somebody. It doesnÕt matter how dead
set they seem to be against Christianity and against the truth, you know and I
know—but they donÕt know—that God the Holy Spirit is working with
His Word in their soul.
ThatÕs an important thing to always remember, because
we say, ŌOh É I just canÕt do this. I donÕt know the answer to their questions.
TheyÕre just so hostile.Ķ But God the Holy Spirit is always working, so we can
relax. Ultimately, itÕs not up to us to convince them of the truth. ItÕs up to
us to give a rational, logical, biblical answer to the question. ItÕs up to the
Holy Spirit to use that to pierce the darkness of their soul.
When we talk to unbelievers, there are several
questions that come up. WhatÕs the common ground between the thinking of the
missionary, whoÕs thinking according to the Scripture, and the thinking of
pagan aborigines? WhatÕs the difference in their language, their culture, their religion? What do they mean when they say ŌGod,Ķ when
they talk about truth, when they talk about values, when they talk about
reason, or experience? Those are critical things to understand.
WhatÕs our common ground? ThatÕs at the essence. When
youÕre talking to an unbeliever about God and youÕre trying to validate or
vindicate your belief, to what are you appealing as your ultimate authority,
whether explicitly or implicitly? If youÕre appealing to something other than
God, then whatÕs over God? Is God answerable to some higher standard? Or is God
the higher standard? WeÕll learn a little bit more about that as we go into
this.
So, when a missionary communicates and has to learn
about the language and all these things, the Christian missionary is arguing
from divine viewpoint. He has a view of reality thatÕs going to be different
from the pagan, from the aborigine, or from the new age person that lives next
door to you. What do they mean when they talk about God? What do they mean by
Ōtruth?Ķ What do they mean by Ōlife?Ķ You tell somebody, ŌWould you like to have
eternal life?Ķ Well, if this person is coming out of a Buddhist or Hindu
background, they already believe in eternal life. They have eternal life; they
are going to be on an endless cycle of reincarnation and everything, but they
have a concept of eternal life. So, when you say, ŌDo you want eternal life?Ķ
What theyÕre hearing is not what youÕre saying as a Christian. This is why it
comes down to explaining terms and defining terms.
Creation. How do they understand creation? Where does
creation come from? Attitudes of right and wrong.
WeÕve seen the film Peace Child,
where Don Richardson took the gospel to a Stone Age tribe, only to discover
that in their scale of values the greatest value was to deceive an enemy to the
point that they would be deceived and die. That was the hero. So when they told
the gospel message, Judas was the hero. Now youÕve got a problem. See, thatÕs
part of apologetics—understanding these things.
WeÕve got a post-modern family member. WeÕve got a
post-modern co-worker.
We can have a neighbor thatÕs a Buddhist, a Muslim, an
atheist, an agnostic. How do we communicate the gospel
so that they can understand what weÕre saying and not be like, for example, a
Hindu who has many, many, many gods and adding a new god named Jesus is no big
problem? So, if you come and you start talking about Jesus being another god,
he is just going to take Jesus and put Him up on that shelf with his other 99
gods. So, we havenÕt communicated the uniqueness of the God of the Bible, or
the uniqueness of Jesus, and theyÕre not hearing us. ThatÕs all part of
communicating the gospel. But everybodyÕs different.
Genuine communication involves making clear what one
person thinks to another person. As such, the person who is communicating from
a divine viewpoint should make sure that in his communication of his cultureÕs
beliefs—and by that I mean the culture of the Bible, the biblical
culture, divine viewpoint culture—that he does not compromise his own
divine viewpoint standards. ThereÕs a right way and a wrong way to communicate
truth.
When we give an answer, it assumes that there is an
understandable explanation that communicates truly to the person who comes from
a different framework. ItÕs not impossible; it is something that God knows can
be done because HeÕs the Author of language.
How we know the gospel is true, as I pointed out last
time, is based on:
ThatÕs called the noetic
effects of sin. YouÕve always heard that phrase, right? Somebody used it at the
conference. Noetic is from the Greek word NOUS, which
is mind. WhatÕs it saying? ItÕs saying the effect of sin on thinking.
ThatÕs all part of what is apologetics.
Now the second question is, ŌWhy should we learn about
apologetics?Ķ What is important about that? Well, first of all, we should learn
about apologetics because the Bible says so; God commanded it.
God has told us that we are to be prepared, all of us,
to give an answer for the hope that is in us. God commands it.
Now, as we engage in evangelism with people, we may
never run across somebody who asks really tough questions—hard
intellectual questions about our faith. But we should still be ready to respond
if someone does. We should arm ourselves to the best of our ability. We should
have the right intellectual ammunition and weapons to be able to handle the
situation—or at least know how to point the person in the right
direction.
So being ready isnÕt just a matter, though, of having
the right information available. ItÕs also an attitude of readiness and
eagerness to share the truth of what we believe, and we have to understand how
to properly use it.
I know that some of you have firearms in your home, or
in your possession, or in your car. There are a lot of people, especially in
Texas, who are thrilled with the Second Amendment, and they thoroughly enjoy
having a weapon and being able to use it. But having a weapon in your home,
having a .45 on your nightstand (or a .38), or having a shotgun, or having a
shotgun and a pistol in your car just in case of a difficult situation, doesnÕt
mean anything.
ThatÕs true for a lot of people. I could name a lot of
people I know who have weapons. They have pistols, they have shotguns, they
have rifles, but if somebody broke into their house, they would have no idea
what to do. They have a false sense of security because they have the weapon,
but they donÕt necessarily know how to use that shotgun, or that rifle, or that
pistol in a home-defense situation.
I know guys that go hunting a lot; theyÕve hunted for
years. They know how to use their .30-06 with a 9 power scope on it at 150 or
200 yards to bring down a buck, but thatÕs very different from some bad dude
coming in across your bedroom as fast as he can come, hyped up on drugs, and
youÕve got to grab your pistol off the nightstand and put three in his torso as
fast as you can. That takes training; that brings to bear something else called
strategy and tactics.
Strategy and tactics tells you how to use the weapon.
Now the analogy that IÕm going to develop here is that the evidences of
Christianity—evidence for the existence of God, evidence for the
resurrection, evidence of miracles, evidence that the Scripture is the Word of
God, canonicity—all of these things are like weapons. TheyÕre like having
a .45, or a .38, or an AR-15, or a 12-gauge shotgun, but how you use it is
going to be dictated by the circumstances. There are right ways and wrong ways
to use those weapons, and there are right ways and wrong ways to use Christian
evidences. So weÕre going to talk about that; thatÕs part of apologetics.
We have to learn about it because the Scripture says
that we need to give an answer. A lot of people say, ŌI give an answer. I can
quote John 3:16. I can quote John 3:18, John 3:36, Ephesians 2:8-9. ThatÕs it!
The Word of God is alive and powerful. And IÕm just going to shoot them with my
gospel gun.Ķ ThatÕs pretty pathetic and juvenile, and that isnÕt going to help
anybody who has questions. Just because they have questions doesnÕt mean
theyÕre negative. Just because they have questions doesnÕt mean they shouldnÕt
be answered.
People have heard objections, and they think, ŌWell,
if I believe that Christianity stuff, IÕm just going to have to park my brain
in neutral. I donÕt want to do that. I want to know that I am believing
something because itÕs true and it makes sense logically and rationally.Ķ To
work through that with somebody is going to take more than four or five
conversations. It might take a year; it might take a year and a half even. That
is going to be a process, and God the Holy Spirit is going to use that. So we
have to know how to do this; itÕs commanded in Scripture.
One of my favorite
verses and one that was actually given to me as a counselor at Camp Peniel. Each counselor at Peniel was given an Indian
name—we wonÕt go into that—and they were also given a verse. And
this was a verse that that was given to me, Ōholding fast the faithful word as he has been taught, that he may be
able, by sound doctrine, both to exhort and convict those who contradict.Ķ
That is the function of apologetics. It is to demonstrate, verify, validate the truth of Scripture and also to expose the false
lies, false teaching, and wrong explanations of Scripture. That is all part of
the function of apologetics.
The second reason that we should learn about
apologetics is because it strengthens our own understanding of what we believe.
It builds our confidence in God, our confidence in the gospel, our confidence
in the Scripture, and our confidence in Jesus.
A lot of your study of Christian evidences will do
more for your own personal confidence and trust in the Scriptures and what we
believe, than many other things, because it forces you as an individual to say,
ŌWhat do I believe, and why do I believe this?Ķ
ThatÕs what I was confronted with in college. I had a
great background in understanding Scripture, and I had a good background in
understanding the creation/evolution argument. Most of you know that I was given a copy of The
Genesis Flood by Henry Morris when I was in the ninth grade by Mike Turnage who was one of my counselors at Camp Peniel. I read that, and I read many other books.
IÕd go to the library at the church, and IÕd pull all
these creation books off the shelf and go home and read them. I was a firm
believer in creation and disbeliever in evolution all through high school. When
I got into college, as I heard a lot of what sounded like erudite arguments
against the truth of Christianity, I didnÕt have an answer. I was never taught
those details. I wasnÕt prepared. In my own head I couldnÕt say, ŌWhy was that
wrong?Ķ If you donÕt know how to do that, even in your own head, thatÕs not
going to give you confidence that you are believing
the right thing.
When I reached I guess it was my junior year through
several things that happened in my junior year, I was down at Camp Peniel counseling. Randy Price was a co-counselor with me
at a high school camp, and I was talking about this with Randy. I said, ŌBut
how do you really know this is true?Ķ He gave me Josh McDowellÕs book, Evidence that Demands a Verdict, and he
said, ŌIÕll get another copy; you take this and read it.Ķ I read it over the
next week and I never looked back, because now I had the answers, I had the
intellectual ammunition that goes into the weapon; I had the information that
was necessary. So learning about apologetics strengthens our understanding of
what we believe, builds our confidence in God, the gospel, the Scripture, and
Jesus.
The third reason we should learn about apologetics and
Christian evidences is that it advances us
spiritually. It is part of spiritual growth to understand why we believe. We
donÕt believe just because we believe—itÕs not mysticism. We believe
because the Bible says so, but God doesnÕt expect us to put our brains in
neutral.
In 2 Corinthians 10:4–5, Paul says, ŌFor the weapons of our warfare,Ķ because
weÕre engaged in a spiritual warfare. Spiritual warfare doesnÕt take place out
there; spiritual warfare takes place right here between your ears. It has to do
with how you think and how you respond to life situations. ŌFor the weapons of our warfare are not
carnal but mighty in God for pulling down strongholds.Ķ
What are these strongholds or fortifications? In
context, theyÕre intellectual. Now, youÕll hear these charismatics
that run off and ŌYou gotta slay Satan in the Spirit,
knock him down and punch him out,Ķ and all these dramatics that they do. They
call that spiritual warfare. That is
heresy—thatÕs not biblical. ThatÕs all part of their mysticism.
É casting down arguments.
See, when it says, Ōpulling down strongholds,
casting down arguments,Ķ thatÕs what those strongholds are. They are
arguments against the truth of the Bible, those arguments that are used to
suppress the truth in unrighteousness. So we pull down strongholds by casting
down arguments. That calls for a rational explanation of why Christianity is
true and the alternate views are false.
We have to understand what we believe and why we
believe it. Ō... casting down arguments and every high thing that
exalts itself against the knowledge of God.Ķ So all through here the issue
is logic, reason, knowledge—the Bible doesnÕt expect us to put our brain
in neutral and just accept something to be true because it seems to be true.
Look at Mormonism. Have you ever had a couple of
Mormon missionaries come in? You ask them, ŌWell, why do you know itÕs true?Ķ
What are they gonna say?
IÕve got the burning in my bosom. ThatÕs what they say; thatÕs their language.
I remember some 30 years ago I went up to Palmyra, New
York. I was on vacation, went up to visit a seminary buddy who was youth pastor
at a church up near New York. I had not been up in that part, so I went out to
the burned over district—thatÕs upstate New York. They call it that
because the fires of revival burned
themselves out in that part of New York in the 1830s.
There was a young man named Joseph Smith who had his
own religious encounter with what he thought was an angel, but was really
Satan, the angel Moroni. This was his hometown,
Palmyra, New York. I went there to see where he lived. They have the cabin, and
you get assigned a tour guide who is otherwise known as a Mormon missionary.
Usually these are older, retired folks who werenÕt Mormons when they were
younger, so they didnÕt go out on their bicycles and go around telling people
the gospel of Joseph Smith.
So this little old guy took me around, and then it
comes to the end. He is telling his story. HeÕd been a Baptist for many years
in Georgia, but nobody ever told him about the book of Mormon, that this is
that second book that is spoken about in Ezekiel—that there are two
books. He distorts that passage. Then he came to this, and I said, ŌWell, how
do you know itÕs true?Ķ He said, ŌAhh, because I had
the burning in my bosom!Ķ
ThatÕs just mysticism. It felt like it was right. ThatÕs why I donÕt like singing that hymn He Lives because of the chorus: He
lives, He lives, You ask me how I know he lives, He lives within my heart.Ķ
Wrong! ThatÕs mysticism! ThatÕs not the Bible! Ask me how I know He
lives—because the Bible says
so!
ŌJesus loves me! This I know, for the Bible tells me
so.Ķ Now thatÕs our argument. The Bible is our ultimate authority. WeÕre to
think within the framework of biblical truth.
ThatÕs how we cast Ōdown arguments and every high thing that
exalts itself against the knowledge of God, bringing every thoughtĶ—thereÕs
another word there; itÕs so important. We have to think
about why we believe. Christians are not vacuous—or should not be. We donÕt have a vacuum between
our ears. We should be the most studious, the most academically inclined people
around—driven to understand GodÕs creation down to the finest minutia we
can, because this is part of our task as Christians. We understand this, and
that advances us spiritually as we know the truth of GodÕs Word.
The fourth reason we should learn about apologetics is
because this was a priority for the apostle Paul. Many times in the Scripture,
Paul says, ŌDo as I do. Be imitators of me.Ķ Not because Paul wanted everybody
to be a little Paul, but because Paul was in turn imitating Christ. We are to
imitate Paul in the ways that heÕs imitating Christ.
In Philippians 1:7 and in 1:17, he uses the noun for
the defense of the gospel, APOLOGIA.
In Philippians 1:7 he says, to the Philippians, Ōjust as it is right for me to think this of you all, because I have you
in my heart, inasmuch as both in my chains [because he was in prison at
this point] and in the defense and
confirmation of the gospel [APOLOGIA—thatÕs that word there for defense], you all are partakers [you participate
with me in the defense of the gospel].Ķ
Philippians 1:17 says, Ōbut the latter out of love.Ķ HeÕs
talking about the fact that some people preach Jesus out of wrong motives,
others out of love, but the latter ones out of love, Ōknowing that I am
appointed for the defense of the gospel.Ķ ThatÕs the role of a Christian
leader: theyÕre appointed to defend the gospel. Not because God needs defense,
not because HeÕs some weenie or is weak, but because we are to give a reasoned
answer, biblically sound answer, for what we believe.
The fifth reason that we should learn about
apologetics is both thought and communication require
it. To think as God thinks, as He has revealed Himself in His Word, is part of
the function of apologetics. It is learning to think biblically. That means we
need to understand how we are to think and that there are right ways to think
and wrong ways to think.
If we are going to talk or communicate truth to
others, then we have to understand that there are right ways and wrong ways to
do that. If we are to think biblically, according to divine viewpoint
standards, then that means, from our various assumptions and presuppositions
about life all the way up, we have to make sure thatÕs all constructed
according to the Bible. In many cases, though, I believe that what is presented
as rational answers for the gospel is not
constructed on a biblical presupposition. We will look at that in just a
minute.
That answers a second question, ŌWhy should we learn
about apologetics?Ķ First and foremost, God says so—that should end the
discussion.
Third question is, ŌWhy do some people object to
apologetics?Ķ
I think that, initially, as we look at this, the main
reason a lot of people object to apologetics is they just donÕt understand it.
They misunderstand the word apologetics, perhaps, and they think, ŌWell, we
donÕt need to apologize for God.Ķ
That is what some people think. They just have a misunderstanding of the
concept, or they have a fallacious epistemology. What does that mean?
The word epistemology talks about how we know what we
know. There are a lot of Christians who donÕt realize it, but they have some
form of a subjective mysticism that lurks in the basement of their thinking. I
hear this all the time. People arenÕt aware that this leaks in; they think itÕs
part of revelation, but really itÕs not. ItÕs very subtle.
So if you have a mystical or subjective viewpoint on
the Bible, your ultimate knowledge of truth is subjective and not objective,
then thatÕs going to govern this, and itÕs a form of mysticism. There is
actually a name for it. ItÕs called fideism from the Latin word for faith, and
itÕs, ŌJust believe it! Just believe it!Ķ We will get into this in a little
more detail, but the major advocates of this kind of thinking are all liberals.
This may surprise you, because a lot of the people who
think this way are not liberal, but the major advocates for this are because
mysticism is the flipside of rationalism. I got into an argument; it was really
interesting. Mark Musser and I were talking about this because of the nature of
his paper at the Pre-Trib Rapture Study Group.
Mark always stays with me when he comes down for the
conference, and we were talking about this. I said, ŌYou know, there used to be
a professor in the Historical Theology Department at Dallas Seminary when I was
working on my doctorate there.Ķ At that point I already had a MasterÕs degree
in philosophy. He was well educated; I forget where he got his PhD, but it was
one of those important academically accredited schools. He was teaching a
course on liberalism, and I made the comment, I said, ŌWell, theological
liberalism is rationalism gone to seed, which is mysticism.Ķ He said, ŌNo.
YouÕre completely wrong.Ķ And I said, ŌNo, IÕm not.Ķ We argued about it for a
long time, and Mark laughed about it. He said, ŌYeah. ThatÕs the
problem—people who have sucked up rationalism donÕt understand that
rationalism goes to seed—it is always mysticism.Ķ
In rationalism, your ultimate authority is where?
Think about this. In rationalism, which emphasizes reason as the ultimate
source of truth, where does reason take place? Right here [points to brain]. In
mysticism, you have some sort of—I always get in trouble for
this—you have some sort of intellectual hot flash and you know, ŌAhh É this is true.Ķ Where does it take place? Right here
[points to brain]. Same place.
Mysticism is what you get when rationalism canÕt
answer—you just make an existential leap of faith into mysticism, and its
pure subjectivism. ItÕs true because, ŌOh, I feel it in my heart.Ķ Their claim
is that it's truth isn't based on objective reality,
only subjective feelings. So thatÕs fideism. Fideism says you donÕt need
to give an answer for the faith because you just believe it. ThatÕs all you
need to do—you just believe it. But the Bible says we have to give a
rational defense for that; you donÕt park your brain in neutral.
Other people come up with these kinds of objections.
They say, ŌWell, the Bible doesnÕt need to be defended.Ķ Well, how come so many
people defended biblical truth? ItÕs defended from Genesis 1, as we will see as
we go forward.
The Bible says you are to be able to give an answer.
ItÕs not defending it because itÕs weak. ItÕs because when people ask
questions, you need to be able to give answers; and thatÕs called a defense.
When people say, ŌYouÕre an idiot for believing in Jesus,Ķ then you need to
present a reason why youÕre not an idiot and not call them an idiot in the
process. Because remember, were told in 1 Peter that weÕre to do this with gentleness
and grace orientation.
Other people will object and say, ŌWell, you canÕt use
reason, because God canÕt be known by reason.Ķ Reason is a function of your
brain. If youÕre going to use the word ŌknowĶ in a proposition, to ŌknowĶ God
means you are using reason. You canÕt know something apart from reason; they
are interdependent—knowledge and reason. So that is a meaningless
statement.
The third thing—natural humanity canÕt
understand. From 1 Corinthians 2:14, the natural man, the unsaved man, canÕt
understand the things of the Spirit of God. ThatÕs true, but the Holy Spirit is
the sovereign executive of evangelism. HeÕs the One who is opening their mind
to understand the truth. But our role is to give them the truth. So itÕs part
of that process.
Natural humanity canÕt understand. They can understand
some things. They clearly understand the existence of God according to Psalm
19. ŌThe heavens declare the glory of
God; And the firmament shows His handiwork.Ķ Also Romans 1:18–20.
Then, some people will say, ŌWell, Jesus refused to
give signs for evil men.Ķ Yes, but Jesus gave signs, didnÕt He? So that those
who were positive would believe. These are some of the superficial arguments
that people use for why they should not believe in apologetics.
Second, we see that some people argue from a false
perception of the biblical presupposition. Let me explain that a minute.
Whenever we talk as Christians, we should be standing on divine viewpoint. We
should understand biblical truth. That doesnÕt mean that weÕre quoting
Scripture, that doesnÕt mean that weÕre quoting theology, but whatever it is
that we say, weÕre not going to contradict a biblical truth or a biblical
framework.
What happens is, when people have a false view of
truth, especially a mystical view of truth, thatÕs when they will say, ŌWell,
you donÕt need apologetics. All they need to do is believe.Ķ But the Bible
relates belief to knowledge—you believe a proposition, you believe a
statement.
Now thereÕs a technical definition for proposition. A
proposition is like an indicative statement. A proposition is any statement
that can be proved to be true or false. A question is not a proposition. Is it
going to rain tomorrow? Can that be proved to be true or false? No.
ItÕs raining outside. Can that be proved to be true or
false? Yes, thatÕs a proposition. Jesus is God. ThatÕs a proposition. How are
you going to determine whether itÕs true or false? YouÕre going to have to look
at the evidence that is presented in the Scripture. So when people are arguing
from a false presupposition, or nonbiblical
presupposition, then they are going to create some problems.
I want talk a little bit about this and use a chart
thatÕs familiar to you. We will end with this tonight, because this gets heavy,
and then we will come back and start with it again in our next class. The basis for knowledge [chart]. How do we know something is
true? What is the ultimate authority for telling us that something is true?
Okay, we have four options historically.
At the top of the box are autonomous or independent
systems of perception. How do you perceive truth? How do you come to know
truth? Then the bottom section—the reason I separate it is because itÕs
totally different from the top three; thatÕs divine viewpoint. The top is going
to be human viewpoint, and the bottom is divine viewpoint. This also is
demonstrated historically in philosophy.
Across the top of the chart were going to have in the
left column the name of the system of thinking. Then, in the middle, weÕre going
to look at the starting point for that system. And then, in the third column,
talk about the method—how you get from your starting point to final
conclusions. WhatÕs the method that is used?
The first system is called rationalism. In the ancient
world this was articulated by Plato. He believed man
was born with certain innate ideas and that by reasoning from those innate
ideas you could come to truth. His great analogy was that man was in a cave,
and through the use of reason, he could ultimately illuminate the cave and come
to an understanding of truth. In the modern world this was
exhibited by a Jesuit theologian by the name of Rene Descartes. ŌI think
therefore I am.Ķ ŌBecause I can think, I know I exist. I must be real because I
can think; I have self-consciousness.Ķ
He thought that by starting there, through the
rigorous use of logic, he could arrive at ultimate truth. So thatÕs the
starting point in rationalism. You have these innate ideas, but ultimately itÕs
faith in human reasoning ability. ThatÕs it. You start with human reasoning;
you exclude anything else. You exclude the senses, you exclude revelation; itÕs
just reason alone. ItÕs based on the independent use of logic and reason.
The next system is called empiricism. We arrive at
truth on the basis of sense perceptions—what we see, what we smell, what
we taste, what we feel, and external experiences. ItÕs the scientific method.
But again, itÕs ultimately faith in human ability to properly interpret what
our sense data tells us. We see something. How do you know youÕve properly
interpreted that?
We see a lot of things. And we think we saw something.
Go to a David Copperfield show—one of these illusionists. You think you
see something, but you didnÕt. Just because we think we saw something doesnÕt
mean that we do. We immediately interpret it. But that doesnÕt mean that our
experience was what we think it is. This is through the independent use of
logic and reason again.
The third category is mysticism. Historically, when rationalism
fails to provide ultimate answers, then the shift goes to empiricism—we
went from Plato to Aristotle. Then when AristotleÕs empiricism doesnÕt answer,
it goes to skepticism. But nobody can live as a skeptic. What do you have to
do? You have to live as if itÕs still true even though it canÕt be proved
rationally or empirically.
ThatÕs just called a subjective leap of faith into
nothingness, or itÕs mysticism. It is based on some sort of inner private
experience of intuition or faith in human ability. ItÕs based on an independent
use of thought; but itÕs a nonlogical, itÕs an
irrational, itÕs a non-verifiable form. ŌItÕs true because I believe itÕs true,
and therefore it is true. ItÕs my truth. You canÕt challenge it because itÕs my
truth. I know what happened, and I donÕt care what you say. ItÕs not what you
say it is; I know it because I know it.Ķ ThatÕs mysticism.
But as Christians, we believe our ultimate authority
is not based on our thinking or our experiences; it is based on revelation. Now
hereÕs the key point: Things are what they are because God says so, not because
we experience them that way. Therefore my experience must
always be judged by the Word of God, and not the Word of God by my
experience.
ThatÕs an important concept: We have to judge our
experience by the Word of God. The Bible points this out in Deuteronomy 13.
People can have all kinds of experiences, but that doesnÕt mean itÕs from God
or itÕs true. The Bible is whatÕs
true, and that evaluates our experience.
So revelation is the objective revelation of God, and
itÕs based on logic and reason. WeÕre not irrational, but itÕs dependent upon
that revelation. Each one of these ways of thinking has a related system of
apologetics. Rationalism produces classic apologetics. Classic apologetics says
that the point of commonality between the believer and the unbeliever is the
use of logic and reason. We will get into this in more detail next time—that I can appeal to logic. ŌThe unbelieverÕs logic is the
same as mine, and thatÕs our common ground.Ķ The problem is the unbelieverÕs
logic isnÕt the same as ours, because he has different presuppositions. ThatÕs
classic apologetics.
Second category is empiricism. That produced an
approach to apologetics as evidentialism. If we just appeal to facts; if we appeal to history or science.
Now that doesnÕt mean that using evidences is wrong, but the wrong use of
evidences is wrong. ItÕs like waking up at 3 oÕclock in the morning and you
hear somebody in the house. ItÕs what you do with your weapon thatÕs important.
ItÕs, ŌDo you understand the right use of strategy and tactics to defend your
home?Ķ If you have the wrong strategy, then youÕre going to do a poor job
defending the home. So the problem here is not that this wonÕt work at times,
but itÕs not a biblically consistent pattern.
Now, mysticism produces fideism, ŌJust believe it.Ķ
Apart from any reason or evidence, just believe it because youÕve got the
burning in your bosom. Do you know what denomination in America produces the
greatest number of converts to Mormonism? They get a lot of converts. ThereÕs
one denomination that produces more converts than any other denomination. Guess
what? ItÕs the Southern Baptists.
I know a lot of Southern Baptists, and theyÕre
wonderful people. They love the Lord, but they have a soft mysticism, and they can get suckered by that soft mysticism. ThatÕs why
that little Baptist deacon that took me through Joseph SmithÕs house said that
he was never taught the real truth. ItÕs because he got
suckered by subjectivism.
Now, I believe that the most biblically consistent
approach to apologetics is whatÕs called presupposition. It presupposes the
truth of Scripture, and itÕs based on the Word of God. That is important to
understand these distinctions.
Now, I could teach whole courses on each one of these.
WeÕre not going to do that. IÕm giving you an overview of apologetics. IÕm
going to give you a little bit of an understanding. In each of these you have
different well-known theologians and scholars, and weÕll cover that a little
bit.
But IÕm going to start next time with these two
verses. Proverbs 26:4, ŌDo not answer a
fool according to his folly, Lest you also be like him.Ķ
And then the very next verse seems to contradict it. ŌAnswer a fool according to his folly, Lest he
be wise in his own eyes.Ķ How do you reconcile those two verses? Well, this
is critical for thinking and critical in apologetics. We will start there next
time.